Composite images of the flapping wings at the end of up- and down-strokes. ( a ) The clap-and-fling effect is strong with wing distance of 16 mm (0.64 cm ); ( b ) The clap-and-fling effect is almost diminished with wing distance of 40 mm (1.6 cm ) Reprinted from Ref. [ 42 ].
Significance regarding the flapping-wing action. ( a good ) Feather axis, flapping axis, and flapping perspective ? ; ( b ) The brand new parabolic contour acting camber regarding a-wing area. Reprinted away from Ref. [ 44 ].
The fresh new non-dimensional forces towards the side range out of 16 mm during the hanging computed on the current interlock and you will from the best interlock eurodate made use of in the earlier works. Reprinted off Ref. [ 42 ].
Flow fields inside the 75%R-jet during the off-stroke clap to possess J = step one. On account of inertia push resulted about wing size, new wing camber alter away from curve-upwards ( an excellent , b ) so you can contour-down ( c , d ). The latest white shape are definitely the intersections between the wings in addition to planes, representing side sections. A respected edges is actually noted with white circles.
Circulate areas inside the 75%R-jet while in the upwards-stroke fling to possess J = step 1. The lower tension region ap-pears firstly near the best sides ( good – c ), next gradually increases towards whole room within wings ( d – h ). A leading sides is actually marked having white sectors.
Circulate sphere inside the 75%R-airplane through the up-coronary arrest affair to have J = step one. The reduced stress part ap-pears firstly nearby the leading edges ( a good – c ), up coming slowly increases on the entire space between your wings ( d – h ). A number one edges try designated that have white sectors.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
The wing sources try marked with white groups
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
This new wing sources is noted having white groups
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The fresh new side sources was marked that have white sectors
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The side roots is designated which have white sectors
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.