Within the characterizing dialectic, Engels penned: “Chief laws: transformation off quantity and top quality-shared penetration regarding polar opposites and conversion process into the both whenever carried in order to extremes; innovation by way of paradox, or negation regarding negation; [and] the fresh spiral sort of innovation” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason created a broad becoming from number, character, community, and brain (present in Greek absolute values); a become ones entities when it comes to logical kinds (Platonism, Hegel); brand new teaching away from correct questions and you can solutions and of dispute (Socrates, this new Stoics); an ailment of becoming and its own replacement from the a distinct and you can unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno from Elea); the latest doctrine away from realistically growing, likely principles, judgments, and you can results (Aristotle): the fresh systematic exhaustion of all of the illusions regarding peoples need, which inconsistently aims into the a complete wholeness and therefore disintegrates on the contradictions (Kant); the fresh subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you will absolutist (Hegel) values of one’s heart (Geist), because conveyed regarding are out-of groups.
Grams. Belinskii, A good tsdates log in. We. Herzen, and you will Letter. Grams. Chernyshevskii reached a great materialist dialectic. Compared to Hegel, they derived leading edge results throughout the details of eternal action and you may development: in their mind dialectic is new “algebra off wave” (select A good. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois values after Hegel turned into out of the triumph on part of dialectic that were achieved in thinking. Hegels dialectic is actually declined by several philosophers as “sophistry,” a keen “mistake for the reason,” plus a “infected perversion out-of attention” (R. Haym, A beneficial. Trendelenburg, and you can Age. von Hartmann). Throughout the Neo-Kantianism of one’s Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) this new dialectic from “abstract details” are changed because of the “reason of analytical notion of mode,” hence resulted in a beneficial negation of thought of material and you may so you can “actual idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism come to the newest very-called bad dialectic, saying that the contradictions found in axioms attest for the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of the stuff. The fresh unity regarding opposites was changed by the good unity out of coexisting, secondary issues in the interests of reaching a combination of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic and came up since the a mixing out of opposites, with the help of absolute instinct (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and i also. Good. Ilin). H. Bergson cutting-edge a request for the irrational and you may purely instinctive merging away from opposites, a combination become addressed because a beneficial “magic.” In the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the new dialectic is knew relativistically, because a more or less options design off awareness. Character is generally accepted as the new areas from “positivist reason,” whereas society is famous in the shape of “dialectical reasoning,” and this comes their principles out of human consciousness while the individual important event from humans. Most other existentialists (G. Marcel, Yards. Buber) dump dialectic theologically, since a system out-of issues and you will answers anywhere between understanding being. Details from a terrible dialectic invented just like the a complete denial from fact and not resulting in a different sort of synthesis have been developed by T. Adorno and you will H. Marcuse.
A constantly materialist translation of dialectic are provided by K. Marx and you can F. Engels, the latest creators of one’s philosophy away from dialectical materialism. Once vitally going over the brand new triumph away from preceding dialectic, Marx and you can Engels used its philosophy towards reworking out-of opinions, governmental benefit, and you may history and to the origin out of a policy and you may strategies to your pros way. V. I. Lenin generated an outstanding sum toward growth of materialist dialectic. The fresh new classics off Marxism-Leninism esteem materialist dialectic once the doctrine of universal interconnections and probably the most standard laws of development of getting and envision.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic was indicated in the a network from groups and you will rules. 1). Legislation of your unity and conflict away from opposites takes up an effective unique set certainly one of all the regulations of dialectic; Lenin called they new main key of one’s dialectic.