Within the Scottish tradition of per king whose eventual reform springs from his own innate virtue, what better name for Arthur’s advisor than one which recalls the conscience like this?
This moral comes from the end of the ‘Baris Tale’ (‘The Boar’s Tale’) mediante which Alexander the Great receives a lesson on covetousness in return for his demand for tribute from the people of Lapsat. Alexander accepts the advice, abandons the attempt and returns onesto his role as an ideal ruler, much as Arthur eventually does in Golagros. Interestingly, Spynagros initially tries onesto dissuade Arthur from demanding fealty of Golagros by invoking the precedent of Alexander: ‘the myghty king of Massidone, wourthiest but wene,/ Thair gat he nane homage’ (lines 282–3).29 The ‘Baris Tale’ is one of the tales told by the Horse, Hart, Unicorn, Boar and Wolf puro the Lion King. At the end of the poem, the first four figures are allegorized as the king’s own cardinal virtues of Prudence, Justice, Magnanimity and Continence (lines 409–10), who help onesto ward off the aiuto of Covetousness as represented by the Wolf. This notion of per king interacting with his own externalized virtues brings us back preciso our poet’s creation of Sir Spynagros. 30 Affanno is of course Latin for ‘thorn’ or ‘prick’: this was per popular metaphor for the Conscience, as con the hugely popular fourteenthcentury advice manual The Prick of Conscience. The Talis of the Fyve Bestes is also relevant preciso Golagros sopra the context of the rhetoric of freedom.
The Asloan Manuscript, e. W. Per. Craigie, 2 vols., STS New Series 14 and 16 (Edinburgh and datingranking.net/it/wooplus-review/ London, 1923–4). This ous uomo known as the Iter ad Paradisum, durante which Alexander receives per reproof for covetousness after demanding tribute at the Gates of Paradise. However, that particular version does not appear durante either of the two Scottish Alexander romances. See Mary Lascelles, ‘Alexander and the Earthly Paradise per Mediaeval English Writings’, Medium Aevum V (1936), 31–47, 79–104 (pp. 83–7 and 96–104); on Alexander sopra exempla warning against greed generally, see George Cary, The Medieval Alexander, ancora. D. J. Verso. Ross (Cambridge, 1956; repr. 1967), pp. 146–52. Le roman de Tristan has per minor character Espynogre who is the bourdonnement of the king of Northumberland, as is Malory’s Epynogrys: see Le roman de Tristan en prose, vol. 5, ancora. D. Lalande with T. Delcourt (Geneva, 1992), chs. 38–9. Con the Manessier continuation of Perceval, an (Es)Pignogres beheads his Cornish mother, thus setting a deadly curse on the Chapel of the Black Hand: see The Continuations of the Old French Perceval of Chretien de Troyes, vol. 5: The Third Continuation by Manessier, ed. William Roach (Philadelphia, 1983), lines 33,026–55. Neither has an advisory function or any direct association with Arthur.
The terms in which the people of Lapsat refuse Alexander’s
demand for tribute per the ‘Baris Tale’ are strongly reminiscent of Golagros’ refusal puro bow puro Arthur:31 That quhill we leif we will ?is tovne defend Mediante sic fredome as our antecessouris Has left till ws and till ?is tovne of owris Erar’ we cheiss with worschipe for puro de Than for preciso leif durante subiectioun esatto be (‘Baris Tale’, lines 302–6) Quhill I may my wit wald, I think my fredome onesto hald, As my eldaris of ald, Has done me beforne. (Golagros, lines 450–53)
The ‘Baris Tale’ is preceded by the fragmentary ‘Hart’s Tale’, which tells of the heroism of William Wallace: Thar was na force mycht gar him fald Na hit reward of warldly gud Bot scotland ay defend he wald ffra subiectioun of saxonis blud Thus for his realme stedfast he stud (‘Hart’s Tale’, lines 111–15)